pH Formula – pH = -log[H⁺] Explained

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is alkaline (basic). The formula pH = -log[H⁺] is foundational in chemistry, biology, environmental science, and food science.

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